| Author |
Message |
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
 Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:41 AM |
 
|
| Post subject: to all my english brothers |
who have made comments ,about my spelling,i do aplogise,but please be so patient at to read the following,cheers
sitting comfortably,then i,ll begin
The indefinite article does not refer to a particular person or object.
1. The indefinite article is a [ə], emphatic [a]. The indefinite article becomes an before vowels.
A finger.
A finger. A man.
A man. A yowe.
A ewe. An airm.
An arm. An awfu day.
An awful day.
In colloquial speech a is often used before both consonants and vowels.
Are ye haein a egg tae yer tea?
Are you having an egg for dinner?
A seen a ingine doun the railwey yaird.
I saw an engine down at the railway yard.
Sometimes the indefinite article is ommited altogether.
Thair's mony ane dis that.
Many a one does that. Mony time.
Many a time.
2. Ae [e:, je:] is the adjectival form of ane and means 'single' or 'solitary' or the 'only one' and is usually used before nouns.
The young man gaed oot the disco wi an ae lass.
The young man left the disco with only one girl.
3. The indefinite pronoun some is the plural of a, ae, ane and an meaning an unknown number of the the things named by the noun.
Some o thae flouers is wiltit.
Some of those flowers are wilted.
Some fowk's trystin at the kirk.
Some people are meeting at church.
The Definite Article
1. The definite article the [ðə] refers to a particular person or object.
Scots usage often preferes the definate article over the indefinite article.
He wis feelin hungert an ett the bit breid.
He was feeling hungry and ate a piece of bread.
Efter he telt her it wis throu she gaed aff wi the tear in her ee.
After he told her it was finished she left with a tear in her eye.
Taiblet costs twal pennies the piece.
Tablet costs twelve pence a piece.
Thay haed a stoot walkin-stick the piece.
They each had a stout walking stick.
2. Special uses of the definite article.
Before the names of the seasons and the days of the week.
Scots English
The ware spring
The simmer summer
The hairst autumn
The winter winter
The Monanday.
Monday. The Tysday.
Tuesday.
The Wadensday.
Wednesday The Fuirsday etc.
Thursday etc.
Are ye gaun til the gemme on the Seturday?
Are you going to the game on Saturday?
Hit's cauld in the winter.
It's cold in winter.
Before many nouns.
Awa til the kirk.
Off to church. Doun the toun.
In town. At the schuil.
In school.
Up the stair.
Up stairs. Fish tae the tea.
Fish for dinner. On the knock.
O' clock.
Sent til the jyle.
Sent to goal. A gemme at the bouls.
A game of bowls. Doun the brae.
Down hill.
Wi the train.
By train. He begoud the dealin.
He began trading.
The price o the milk an the butter's aye gaun up.
The price of milk and butter is always increasing.
In a number of adverbial phrases.
The nou.
Just now. The day.
Today. The morn.
Tomorrow.
The morn come aicht day.
Tomorrow week. The nicht.
Tonight.
The streen / yestreen.
Yesterday (evening). The morn's morn(in).
Tomorrow morning. The morn's nicht.
Tomorrow night.
Thegither.
Together. The baith o ye.
Both of you. The maist o ye.
Most of you.
A shillin the piece.
A shilling each. For the maiter o a poond or twa.
For the sake of a few pounds.
The corn's guid the year.
The corn is good this year.
The definite article is often used colloquially instead of a possessive pronoun.
The wife.
My (your or his) wife. The guidman.
My (your or her) husband.
The wife wis in the gairden wi's.
My (your or his) wife was in the garden with me.
She clawed the mutch aff me.
She tore off my cap.
The sodger wis wantin the helm.
The soldier was lacking his helmet.
Hou's the guidman the day?
How is your husband today?
Before the names of diseases.
The measels.
Measels. The brounkaities.
Bronchitis. The haingles.
Influenza. The gulsoch.
Jaundice.
The cauld.
Cold. The buffits.
Mumps. The rheumatis.
Rheumatism.
Before the names of trades, occupations, sciences and departments of learning.
Ma son's learnin the carpenterin.
My son is learning carpentry.
He kens the chemistry gey guid.
He knows chemistry very well.
She's guid at the Laitin.
She is good at Latin. He canna speak the French.
He can't speak French.
[ Start | Previous | Next ]
[ Hame | Shop | Reader | Dictionary | Airticles | Clishmaclaiver | Veesitor's Beuk ]
Wabmaister |
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:44 AM |
|
|
Edinburgh Scots
Spoken in the city itself and surrounding towns such as Bonnyrigg, Dalkeith and Penicuik. The speech of North Berwick, Dunbar, Haddington and Tranent is also heavily influenced by this dialect.
Like all urban dialects 'Embra' suffers from a loss of much particularly Scots vocabulary. The pronunciation of Edinburgh Scots is essentially south east central Scots.
Consonants usually have the same phonetic values (pronunciation) in as in English.
Words that traditionally have Medial and Final <ch> /x/ now generally take the English pronunciation in words with English cognates i.e. bought (bocht), draught (draucht), enough (eneuch), laugh (lauch), night (nicht), right (richt), rough (roch), sight (sicht) and tight (ticht) etc. /x/ remains in words with no English cognates like loch but pronunciations with /k/ are spreading.
Initial <wh> /ʍ/ is still widespread but is increasingly being replaced by /w/ in words like whales and wheel etc.
The initial <th> in words like thing, naething and think is often pronounced /h/.
<thr> may be rendered /r/ in words like three.
Medial <th> rendered as /r/ is occasionally encountered in words like bother, brother (brither) and mother (mither).
<h> 'dropping' is seldom but is possible in rapid speech in unstressed pronouns like he, her and him etc.
Vowels and diphthongs are generally pronounced the same as south east central Scots.
The <ui> generally takes the Central Scots pronunciation but /u/ is usual before <v>, <th> and <z> in words like buith (booth), muive (move), suithe (sooth), ruize, and in many common words with English cognates.
In words with English cognates the <eu> is usually pronounced /u/ i.e. beuk (book), heuk (hook), leuk (look) and teuk (took) etc.
In many words of Latin origin the pronunciation /i/ has been replaced by the English pronunciation e.g. bapteese (baptise), obleege (oblige), ceevil (civil), oreeginal (original), eetem (item), peety (pity) and leeberal (liberal) etc.
The diphthong /ʌu/ before /k/ is usually vocalised to /o/ e.g. bowk (boak), fowk (folk) and yowk (yolk) etc.
Glottal stops are often seen as the hallmark of urban Scots dialects especially for final /t/ and /k/ and medial /t/ in words like bat, night, bottle, watter and back. The initial /t/ in the infinitive marker tae and where the target syllable is unstressed may be glottalized.
[ Start | Previous | Next ]
[ Hame | Shop | Reader | Dictionary | Airticles | Clishmaclaiver | Veesitor's Beuk ] |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:45 AM |
|
|
even the glaswegians cannae understand us you shall see by the following
Glasgow Scots
Fondly known as 'the Patter', Glaswegian is spoken in the city itself and well established in the surrounding towns such as Clydebank, Paisley, Renfrew and Rutherglen, and increasingly gaining influence around the Firth of Clyde in Cambeltown, Dumbarton, Gourock, Greenock and Rothesay. An east Lanarkshire variety is spoken in Airdrie, Coatbridge, Cumbernauld, Denny, Motherwell, Strathaven and Wishaw. An Ayrshire variety is spoken in Carstairs, Irvine, Kilmarnock, Leadhills and Prestwick.
Like all urban dialects Glaswegian suffers from a loss of much particularly Scots vocabulary, though very innovative at coining new terms e.g. boggin, malkie, stoater, bampot and heidbanger, many becoming quite wide-spread.The pronunciation of Glasgow Scots is essentially west central Scots.
Consonants usually have the same phonetic values (pronunciation) in as in English.
Words that traditionally have Medial and Final <ch> /x/ now generally take the English pronunciation in words with English cognates i.e. bought (bocht), draught (draucht), enough (eneuch), laugh (lauch), night (nicht), right (richt), rough (roch), sight (sicht) and tight (ticht) etc. /x/ remains in words with no English cognates like loch but pronunciations with /k/ are spreading.
Initial <wh> /ʍ/ is still widespread but is increasingly being replaced by /w/ in words like whales and wheel etc.
The letter <t> often becomes /r/ accross words e.g. let it [lɛrɪʔ]
The initial <th> in words like thing, naething and think is often pronounced /h/.
The <thr> is often/r/ in words like three.
Medial <th> rendered as /r/ is occasionally encountered in words like brother [brʌrʌ], [brʌ] (brither) and mother [mʌrʌ] (mither).
The is often rendered [rə] as in "we are ra people".
Vowels and diphthongs are generally pronounced the same as west central Scots.
In words like fluir, hair, rare and stair etc. the /eː/ is often pronounced /ɛː/ before/r/ .
The <ui> generally takes the Central Scots pronunciation but /u/ or even /ø/ is usual before <v>, <th> and <z> in words like buith (booth), muive (move), suithe (sooth), ruize, and in many common words with English cognates.
In words with English cognates the <eu> is usually pronounced /u/ or even /ø/ i.e. beuk (book), heuk (hook), leuk (look) and teuk (took) etc.
In many words of Latin origin the pronunciation /i/ has been replaced by the English pronunciation e.g. bapteese (baptise), obleege (oblige), ceevil (civil), oreeginal (original), eetem (item), peety (pity) and leeberal (liberal) etc.
The vowel /ʌ/ is often inserted before the final /r/ in words like girl, airm, film and torn.
The vowel in reid, sieven, hieven, niver and iver is usually /ɪ/ or /ɛ/.
The final <a(e)> in words like barrae, fellae, morra and tobbacca is pronounced /ʌ/.
The negative suffix <-na> in words like canna and dinna etc. is usually pronounced /nʌ/ though /ne/ is spreading from the east.
The diphthong /ʌu/ before /k/ is usually vocalised to /o/ e.g. bowk (boak), fowk (folk) and yowk (yolk) etc.
Glottal stops are often seen as the hallmark of urban Scots dialects especially for final /t/ and /k/ and medial /t/ in words like bat, night, bottle, watter and back.
Literature:
Macafee, Caroline (1983) Varieties of English Around the World: Glasgow, Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Hagan, Anette I. (2002) Urban Scots Dialect Writing, Bern: Lang.
[ Start | Previous | Next ]
[ Hame | Shop | Reader | Dictionary | Airticles | Clishmaclaiver | Veesitor's Beuk ] |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:47 AM |
|
|
Gàidhealtachd
Gàidhealtachd - the Gaelic for the Highlands and Islands to the west - were of course until recently on the whole Gaelic speaking.
Gaelic has had an influence on the vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar of Scots spoken in areas, which until relatively recently, were Gaelic speaking.
Some well known Scots words of Gaelic origin are:
Scots
Gaelic
English
Scots
Gaelic
English
ben beinn mountain glen gleann valley
cairn cárn a pile of stones ingle aingeal fire (hearth)
ceilidh ceilidh a social gathering loch loch lake
clachan clachan hamlet partan partan (edible) crab
cranreuch crannreothadh hoar-frost tocher tocher dowry
Some of the most frequent Gaelic pronunciation influences are:
* The vowel /ɪ/ may be pronounced /ʌ/.
A hae twa muckle fush.
I have two big fish.
* The <th> /θ/, in a final position may be pronounced /s/. Written <s> or <ss> here.
Hae ye seen Macbess?
Have you seen Macbeth?
A sunk tare's a flee un ma mooss.
I think there's a fly in my mouth.
A haed a het bass tus mornin.
I had a hot bath this morning.
* At the begining of words <th> /θ/ may be pronounced /ts/.
Tsun's ussna whut tay seemt tae pe.
Things aren't what they seemed to be.
Uss onytsun' un t' kustie?
Is anything in the chest?
* The <th> /ð/, may be pronounced /t/, /s/ and / or /sz/.
Tus uss ma hoose.
This is my house. t' tusser day.
The other day.
Hut's furszer doun t' loan.
It's further down the lane.
* The pronounciation /z/ may be replaced by /s/, written <ss> here.
Tus uss a yowe.
This is a ewe. He wuss taen ut tae pe shuirn.
He was taking it to be shorn.
T' usser yowess wuss left un t' pairk.
The other ewes were left in the field.
* The /ʒ/ as in pleasure may be pronounced /ʃ/ as in shut.
Shaimass (Seumas) haes shust been made a sershant.
James has just been promoted to sergeant.
* A /b/ may be pronounced /p/.
Prung t' pox un t' capun.
Bring the box into the cabin.
* A /d/ may be replaced by /t/.
A haed a gut trunk wi hum.
I had a good drink with him.
* A /g/ may be replaced by /k/.
Hae ye seen ma pet kait?
Have you seen my pet goat?
In Scots nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter. Gaelic only has masculine and feminine, many neuter words may be referred to as she.
She'ss no lang syne buggit. (The hoose)
It's been built recently. (The house)
In Gaelic the adjective may be repeated for emphasis.
Ut'ss a weet, weet day.
It a very wet day. She'ss a gut, gut lassie.
She's a very good girl.
The pronoun A (I) may be replaced by masel, influenced by the Gaelic 'mi-fein'.
Masel wull raw ye tae yer shup.
I will row you to your ship.
In Gaelic the preposition 'air' (on), is used for on, in, o (of) and tae (to). This may occur as on in Gaelic influenced Scots.
Ut'ss gut on ye.
Well done. T' dug dee'd on me.
The dog died inspite of all my efforts.
He wuss wirkin on me.
He was nasty to me. Put a quaisten on me.
Ask me a question about it.
A body dud sometsun' on me.
Someone did something to me. Tsun'ss uss gaun wrang on me.
Things are going wrong for me.
T' horse run awa on me.
The horse ran away though I did my best to hold it.
Gaelic only has a single verb form 'tha' for am, is and are, similarly Gaelic 'bha' means both wis (was) an war (were).
Masel uss gauld.
I am cold. Ma haunds uss aw clarty.
My hands are all dirty.
Tus dug uss gut, gut.
This dog is very good. Whut uss tsir?
Which are these?
T' pairnss wuss here.
The children were here.
The Gaelic relative sentence using that may be used in place of a simple sentence.
Ut uss me tsat uss t' fermer an you tsat uss t' cottar.
I am the farmer and you are the cottager.
Tenses. The verb 'to be', is the only Gaelic verb having a present tense. In Gaelic the present tense is usually formed by using a the present tense of the verb 'to be' and a verbal noun. As a result of substituting the Gaelic prepositions 'ag', 'aig' with at and 'air' with efter (after), the following may occur:
Gaelic
Gaelic influenced Scots
English
Tha i ag radh. She'ss at sayin. She says.
Tha i air radh. She'ss efter sayin. She had said.
Bha i ag radh. She wuss at sayin. She said.
Bha i air radh She wuss efter sayin. She had said.
Bhitheadh i ag radh. She wat pe at sayin. She would say.
Bhitheadh i air radh. She wat pe efter sayin. She would have said.
Bithidh i ag radh. She wull pe at sayin. She will say.
Bithidh i air radh. She wull pe efter sayin. She will have said.
Sites for people interested in learning Scottish Gaelic.
Gaelic Homepage
SaveGaelic.org
[ Start | Previous | Next ]
[ Hame | Shop | Reader | Dictionary | Airticles | Clishmaclaiver | Veesitor's Beu |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:51 AM |
|
|
i,m sure its getting easier for you now ,the next even myebe our london speakers will cotton on to
The grammar of SSE is much the same as standard English but SSE is influenced by Scots grammar and idiom to varying degrees. SSE has a range of legal vocabulary not present in standard English. This is often anglicized versions of Scots vocabulary.
The following are common examples of how Scots grammar influences SSE:
The Scots use of modal verbs i.e. many speakers do not use 'shall' and 'may' and use would instead of 'should'.
Might and will maybe are used for possibility and have (got) for compulsion.
Need to, use to and dare to are used as main verbs. Need may occur in the passive, and is also used non-progressively as is want.
The verb have is used more like an auxiliary.
SSE Anglo English
Will I see you after? Shall I see you later?
Can I come as well? May I come as well?
He might come later. He may come later.
He'll maybe come later. He may come later.
I would, if I was you. I should, if I were you.
He has got to come. He must come.
She has to leave. She must leave.
I don't need to do that. I needn't do that.
He didn't need to do that. He needn't have done that.
He doesn't dare to talk. He didn't dare talk.
My hair needs washed. My hair needs washing.
My hair needs to be washed.
I'm needing a cup of tea. I need a cup of tea.
He'd a good time last night. He had a good time last night.
Had you a good time last night? Did you have a good time last night?
The passive is usually expressed with get i.e. I got told off.
Some verbs are used progressively:
SSE Anglo English
He was thinking he'd get more pay. He thought he would get more pay.
I was hoping to see him. I hoped to see him.
They were meaning to come. They meant to come
A well known marker of SSE is the use of not rather than '-n't':
SSE Anglo English
He'll not come. He won't come.
Your're not wanted. You aren't wanted.
Is he not coming?. Isn't he coming?
Can you not come? Can't you come?
Do you not want it? Don't you want it?
Did he not come? Didn't he come?
Not also negates verbs i.e. He isn't still not working. Nobody would dream of not coming.
Verbs of motion are often elided before adverbs of motion: I'll away home then. and The cat wants out. etc.
The is used as in Scots i.e. To take the cold. To get sent to the hospital. To go to the church.
Non-reflexive use of the pronoun self i.e. How's yourself today? and Is himself in? etc.
Anybody, everybody, nobody and somebody are used in preference to anyone, everyone, no one and someone.
Yet may occur with non-perfective forms of the verb:
SSE Anglo English
Did you buy one yet? Have you bought one yet?
He is here yet. He is still here.
The adverbial particle follows the verb:
SSE Anglo English
He turned out the light He turned the light out.
They took off their coats They took their coats off.
Many Scots idioms and phrases have been carried over into SSE.
SSE Anglo English
How are you keeping? How are you?
I doubt he's not coming. I expect he isn't coming.
Away to your bed. Go to bed.
That's me away. I'm going now.
I've got the cold I've got a cold.
It's for your Christmas. It's your Christmas present.
I gave her a row. I scolded her.
He gave me a fright. He frightened me.
I'm finished it. I'm finished.
I'll get you home. I'll take you home.
Cheerio just now! Goodbye for now!
To go the messages. To go shopping.
The back of nine. Just after nine (o' clock).
[ Start | Previous | Next ]
[ Hame | Shop | Reader | Dictionary | Airticles | Clishmaclaiver | Veesitor's Beu |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:55 AM |
|
|
now for the spelling
*
English Scots English Scots
amber lammer rumble rummle
chamber chaumer shamble skemmle
cumber cummer thimble thummle
embers emmers timber timmer
number nummer tumble tummle
Note.
Dizember December member member
September September November November
* As previously mentioned the final <d> after <n> is usually silent. In many words the historic <d> in medial positions is not pronounced. In such words the spelling <n> or <nn> is used.
candle caunle thunder thunner
wander wanner wonder wunner
* Scots often has no final 'f' where English does.
self sel sheriff shirra
* Scots often has no medial and final 'v' where English does.
calves caur have hae
delve del leave lea'
devil deil love lou
dove dou over ower
even e'en serve ser
give gie silver siller
harvest hairst twelve twal
* In some words Scots has no final 'th', where English does.
mouth mou (uncouth) unco
quoth quo with wi
Letter Differences
* In some words Scots has <dd> where English has <th>.
smithy smiddie stithy stiddie
withy widdie
* KirkgateScots often has <k> or <ck> where English has <ch>. The Scots <k> or <ck> is often claimed to be of Scandinavian origin.
birch birk larch larick
bitch bick stitch steek
breeches breeks stretch streek
church kirk such sic
itchy yeukie thatch thack
* Scots often has <skl> or <scl> where English has <sl>.
See spellings with <c> or <k> /k/.
slant sklent slender sklenner
slate sklate slice sklice
* Scots often has <sk> where English has <sh>.
shambles skemmels share skair shelf skelf
* Scots often has <g> or <gg> where English has <dge>.
bridge brig ridge rig
dredge dreg edge on egg
sedge seg
Note the exceptions hedge and sled sledge.
* Scots often has <au> where English has <al>.
calf cauf malt maut
calm caum palm paum
chalk cauk psalm psaum
false fause salmon saumon
half hauf salt saut
halse (neck) hause scald scaud
Note stalk, talk and walk.
* Scots usually has <aw> where English has final <all>.
call caw hall haw
all aw small smaw
ball baw stall staw
fall faw wall waw
Note the word caw, also meaning drive.
* Scots often has <ow> medially and <owe> finally, where English has <ol(l)>.
boll bowe hollow howe
bolster bowster knoll knowe
bolt bowt poll powe
colt cowt roll rowe
gold gowd stolen stowen
golf gowf
Note the exception: sodger soldier.
* Scots often has <aul> where English has <ol>.
bold bauld hold haud
cold cauld old auld
fold fauld scold scaud
Note the exceptions:
solder souder soldier sodger
* In Scots the position of <r> is often switched compared to the preceding or following vowel in English.
burnt brunt proverb provrib
christen kirsten rhubarb rhubrub
grass girse turf truff
kurb crub wart wrat
modern modren wrestle warstle
pretend pertend
* Scots often has a pronunciation variation between /ʃ/ and /s/ in many words of Norman French origin. These words may be spelled using <s>, <c> or <sh>.
officer offisher gusset gushet
cinders shinners hoarse hersh
sow (clothes) shew mince minsh
vessel veshel notice notish
* The <ual> in some words may be pronounced /wəl/ .
actual gradual annual
* In some words of Latin origin, Scots has kept the original pronunciation /i( / where English has /ɪ/ or /ai/.
baptise bapteese oblige obleege
civil ceevil original oreeginal
item eetem pity peety
liberal leeberal position poseetion
licence leeshence spirit speerit
Note. seestem system.
* Scots often has <-fee> where English has <-fy>.
magnify magnifee satisfy saitisfee
modify modifee signify seegnifee
* Scots often has where English has .
nut nit summer simmer
* Scots often has <e> where English has <a>.
brass bress glad gled
clasp clesp glass gless
hasp hesp fast fest
* Scots often has <ai> where English has <a>. Especially in words with <r> + consonant.
arm airm saddle saidle
arrow airae sharp shairp
father faither warm wairm
manner mainer yard yaird
* Scots often has <a> where English has <o>.
crop crap soft saft
drop drap song sang
long lang strong strang
pot pat throng thrang
sob sab top tap
* Scots often has <a(consonant)e> where English has <o(consonant)e>.
bone bane one ane
home hame stone stane
lone lane
Note the exceptions in <ai>.
cole kail sore sair
rope raip whole hail
Note. open remains so in Scots.
Note. only.
* Scots often has <ee> where English has <e>.
well weel fret freet
wet weet jelly jeely
Note the exception reid red.
* Scots often has or after <wh> and <w> where English has <e>, , or <o>.
whelk wulk word wird
woman wumman wore wuir
worm wirm
* Scots often has <y> where English has <oi>.
avoid evyte join jyne
boil (sore) byle point pynt
boil (water) byle spoil spyle
choice chyce voice vyce
Note.
ile oil oyster oyster
queir choir noise noise
eyntment ointment pusion poison
ryle royal
* Scots has <ch> /x/ where English has <gh>.
Most dialects of Scots have a German like Ich/Ach rule governing the pronunciation of <ch>. <ch> is pronounced /ç/ following a front vowel, and /x/ following a back vowel. For the sake of simplicity /x/ has been throughout this site.
bought bocht might v. micht
bright bricht night nicht
fight fecht rough roch
fright fricht sight sicht
high heich thought thocht
laugh lauch tough teuch
light licht weight wecht
might n. maucht
Note the exception, 'delight' comes from Old French 'deliter'. The English spelling arose by analogy with 'light'. The word is not pronounced 'delicht' in Scots and is written (and pronounced) 'delite'.
Burgh retains the <gh> in Scots.
* Scots often has <oo> where English has <ou>.
about aboot out oot
house hoose round roond
mouse moose sound (healthy) soond
our oor sound (noise) soond
* Scots often has where English has <ou>.
found fund mount munt
fountain funtain mountain muntain
ground grund mourn murn
Among the exceptions are:
although altho group group
colour colour thought thocht
country kintra through throu
enough eneuch tour tour
* Scots often has <ou> where English has <ow> medially.
brown broun gown goun
cower couer powder pouther
crowd croud power pouer
crown croun shower shouer
down doun towel touel
drown droun tower touer
flower flouer town toun
fowl foul
* In some words Scots often has final <aw> where English has final <ow>.
blow blaw show shaw
crow craw snow snaw
mow maw sow (seeds) saw
row (line) raw throw thraw
* In some words Scots often has final <ae> where English has final <ow>. The Wee Windaes, Edinburgh
arrow airae pillow pillae
barrow barrae shadow shaidae
bellows bellaes sorrow sorrae
borrow borrae swallow swallae
follow follae widow weedae
marrow marrae window windae
meadow meidae yellow yellae
narrow nairae
Similarly in some words Scots often has final <ae> where English has final <a>.
algebra algebrae Canada Canadae
America Americae China Cheenae
alpha alphae omega omegae
* In some words Scots has <ou> where English has final <ow>.
allow allou cow cou
bow bou how hou
brow brou now nou
Exceptions to the above are:
bellow buller furrow furr
below ablo minnow minnin
elbow elbuck
* There is some confusion as to which words are spelled with <ui> or <eu> in Scots, where English usually has <oo>.
This can be explained on the basis of sound shifts.
The Anglo-Saxon long <o> /o:/ became /ø/ and /y/ in older Scots, then spelled <ui> and <u(Consonant)e> respectively. Now all spelled <ui> or <eu> (see below) in Modern Scots and usually <oo> in English. Similarly with Scandinavian and Romance words.
This remains /ø(/ in Shetland and /y(/ in Angus. In other dialects it subsequently shifted to /i(/ in North East Scots, and in Central Scots it became /ɪ/ when short and /e:/ when long.
blood bluid palm luif
board buird pool puil
brute bruit poor puir
cool cuil (praise) ruise
done duin refuse refuise
floor fluir school schuil
ford fuird spoon spuin
fruit fruit sure shuir
good guid Thursday Fuirsday
loom luim use n. uiss
moon muin use v. uise
moor muir (young coal-fish) cuithe
* In some of the above the Central Scots pronunciation has established itself in the spelling.
ado adae do dae shoe shae to tae
e.g. dae do, did did, duin done and dis does.
* Some words descended from the long <o> now have .
brother brither mother mither
foot fit other ither
Note. wid wood isn't descended from long <o>.
* Where the Anglo-Saxon long <o> /o:/ was followed by /k/ or /x/ the sound shifted to <eu> in Scots. Pronounced /(j)u/ or /(j)ʌ/ depending on dialect.
Similarly with Scandinavian words.
book beuk hook heuk
bough beuch laughed leuch
(cliff) heuch look leuk
(ravine) cleuch nook neuk
(ditch) sheuch plough pleuch
duck (bird) deuk (sparrow) speug
enough eneuch tough teuch
Note teug tug.
* In some words Scots has no final <e> as in English <ure>.
creature craitur nature naitur
lecture lectur picture pictur
mixture mixtur venture ventur
Note. secure, siccar.
* In many words Scots has initial <a> where English has <be>.
because acause beneath aneath
before afore beside aside
behind ahint between atween
below ablo beyond ayont
[ Start | Previous | Next ]
[ Hame | Shop | Reader | Dictionary | Airticles | Clishmaclaiver | Veesitor's Beuk ]
Wabmaister |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:57 AM |
|
|
Nouns
Nouns are words used as the name of a person, animal, object, place or quality, or a collection of these.
1. The gender of nouns is not indicated by their sound but by their meaning. Nouns are either male, female, common or neutral depending on whether they denote a male, female, either sex or an inanimate object.
2. Singular nouns.
Some nouns have different forms for male and female.
Male Female
boar boar sou sow
brither brother sister sister
bull bull cou cow
cowt colt filly filly
drake drake deuk duck
dug dog bick bitch
eme / uncle* uncle auntie aunt
faither father mither mother
guidman husband guidwife wife
guidsir grandfather aulddame grandmother
keeng king queen queen
lad boy lass girl
loun ** boy quean girl
man man wumman woman
nevoy nephew niece niece
staig stallion meir mare
tuip ram yowe ewe
*eme is the maternal uncle.
**loun and quean [kwəin] are typical of northern Scots varieties.
Machines, ships and boats etc., countries and the like often take the feminine and are addressed by the pronoun she.
She's late the day. (The bus)
The bus is late today.
3. Lade Braes WalkRegular plurals are formed by adding s.
Haund - Haunds
Hand - Hands Wife - Wifes
Wife - Wives Laif - Laifs
Loaf - Loaves
Note that in words like knife, laif, life, thief, wife the Scots plural is regular.
knifes
knives laifs
loaves lifes
lives thiefs
thieves wifes
wives
If the singular noun ends in a sibilant (hissing) sound it takes the ending es, or where the noun ends with an e, s, to form the plural.
Hoose - Hooses
House - Houses Rash - Rashes
Rush - Rushes Catch - Catches
Catch - Catches
Some nouns are usually or only used in the plural, or they have a special meaning when used in the plural.
ess ash(es) parritch porridge
bellaes bellows plainstanes pavement
breeks trousers severals* several
brose soup shears scissors
broth soup tangs tongs
duds rags taws leather strap
lichts lungs
*Severals refers to several persons or things.
Some nouns are only used in the plural. Accompanying verbs are used as if to denote their constituent parts.
The parritch! The'r real guid the day.
The porridge! It is really good today.
Thir kail will be ower cauld.
This broth will be too cold.
4. Scots contains a number of irregular plurals. Some of the more common ones are:
Singular Plural
cauf calf caur calves
child boy / lad childer children
cou cow kye cattle
ee eye een eyes
fit foot feet feet
guiss goose geese geese
loose louse lice lice
man man men men
moose mouse mice mice
ox ox owsen oxen
shae shoe shuin shoes
tuith tooth teeth teeth
wumman woman weemen women
Older forms brither (brother) - brether(en) (brothers) and Tree (tree) - Treen (trees) existed.
5. Some nouns have the same form in singular and plural.
Singular Plural
birse bristle birse bristles
cod cod cod cod
deer deer deer deer
dizzen dozen dizzen dozens
fish fish fish* fish
gait goat gait goats
grouse grouse grouse grouse
gryce pig gryce pigs
herrin herring herrin herring
horse horse horse horses
nowt bullock nowt cattle
pease pea pease peas
saumon salmon saumon salmon
sheep sheep sheep sheep
swine pig swine pigs
troot trout troot trout
The plural fish represents a mass of fish. The plural fishes represents a quantity of individual 'fishes'.
Note: A scissor. (A pair of scissors.)
Leuk at aw thae fish.
Look at all those fish. A hae five fishes.
I have five fish(es).
6. Many nouns take the same form as the verb with which they are connected.
Verb Noun
blame blame fault
lauch lauch laugh
stap stap step
stop stop stop
It's no ma blame.
It's not my fault. That's an ill lauch.
That's an evil laugh. Tak tent o the stap.
Mind the step.
7. Tae is often used in conjunction with nouns and verbs to form compounds implying addition, attraction, attachment and motion towards.
Ye shoud stop, the tae-brig is gaun up.
You ought to stop, the draw bridge is being raised.
The dealer selt the gear for the tae-come.
The dealer sold the equipment for profit.
The tae-draucht o the swaw is takkin the |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:58 AM |
|
|
#
The wee lassie.
The little girl. A wee duggie.
A little dog.
The wee beastie.
The little beast. A wee bittock mair.
A little bit more.
Ye wee saftie.
You little soft headed person. A hooseockie.
A little house.
The wifeockie.
The little woman. The muckle feardie.
The big coward.
The pleuchie.
The ploughman. He's a daftie.
He's mad.
Ma wee dearies.
My little darlings.
# Nouns of measure and quantity.
Number and quantity are sometimes designated by nouns and sometimes by adjectives.
After cardinal numbers, nouns of measure, usually remain unchanged in the plural. The noun is usually followed by the preposition o before a pronoun, but o is often omitted before a following noun.
Twa poke o tatties.
Two bags of potatoes. Fower acre o grund.
Four acres of land.
Three fit lang.
Three feet long. Fower mile awa.
Four miles away.
Five hunderwecht.
Five hundredweight. Sax pund.(weight)
Six pounds.
A gied him twa poond.
I gave him two pounds.(Sterling) Twa gless o beer.
Two glasses of beer.
A guid wheen months.
A good many months. Ten stane o hay.
Ten stones of hay.
She's twal year auld.
She is twelve years old. aicht score o sheep.
Eight score sheep.
sieven dizzen o eggs.
Seven dozen eggs. A wee drap ile.
A little drop of oil.
A wee bit breid.
A little bit of bread.
Nouns of quantity.
A small quantity may be expressed by:
A wee, a bit.
A small, a little. Juist a wee bit wean.
Only a little child.
Gie's a wee thing(ie) ile.
Give me a little (bit of) oil.
Gie's a wee drap kail.
Give me a small drop of (cabbage) soup.
A tait o oo.
A (little) lock of wool. A wee thocht whisky.
A small whisky.
A hair o aits.
A small portion of oats. A grain soordouk.
A little buttermilk.
A wee touch saut.
A little salt.
A few may be expressed by:
A wheen neeps.
A few turnips. Twa-three weets.
A few drinks. A pickle nits.
A few nuts.
A somewhat larger quantity may be expressed by:
A curn o fowk.
A few people. A guid wheen auld wifes.
A good few old women. A guid pickle fishes.
A good few fish.
A considerable quantity may be expressed by:
A hantle stanes.
A large amount of stones. A great deal mair.
A great deal more.
A muckle hott muck.
Very much dung. A dod o kebbock.
A chunk of cheese.
A nievefu bere.
A fistful of barley. A rowth o pouts.
An abundance of young game birds.
A gowpanfu o grosets.
Two (cupped) hands full of gooseberries.
Other expressions of measurement and quantity are:
She's the wale o thaim aw.
She's the pick of them all. The feck o fowk thinks that.
Most people think so.
The hail clamjamfrie.
The whole mob. All the odds and ends.
Gie's the tither hauf.
Give me the other half. That wis juist the tae hauf o't.
That was the one half of it.
A niver seen the likes o thae.
I never saw anything like those.
The lave can bide here.
The remainder may remain here.
He'd taen the tane an she'd taen the tither.
He'd taken one and she'd taken the other.
# Case.
Nouns have three cases; nominative, objective and possessive. The nominative names the subject. The objective denotes the object.The possessive denotes possession.
The nominative and the objective are the same.
The possessive singular is formed by adding 's to the nominative (insert apostrophe).
The bairn's fit.
The child's foot. The wife's ring.
The wife's ring.
The dug's bane.
The dog's bone. The horse's heid.
The horse's head.
Note the subtle difference in meaning of: |
|
|
|
|
|
Drizzle
Veejay
Joined: Apr 02, 2003
Posts: 2036
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:59 AM |
|
|
God your on a roll tonight. |
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 03:00 AM |
|
|
He said he seen a cou's heid at the door.
He said he saw a cow's head at the door.
(the head of a living cow looking in).
She said she seen a cou-heid at the door.
She said she saw a cow's head at the door.
(the severed head of a dead cow).
The possessive plural is formed by adding s' to the nominative. |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 03:05 AM |
|
|
well thats all for tonight folks
i,m sure you,ll all go about with a springness in your step tomorrow,please don,t get down if you cannot grasp it all at once,this is to be expected,there always a smiling helping hand ,that will gently point out the small,discrepencies,in your attempt to grasp another language.we all know what a struggle it is to learn english and all its complexities,so we understand your little st
struggle
ok heid the ba ,han ye got it in yer napper ye
r yuou dawally o somethin
slainte |
|
|
|
|
|
jamiejah
Low Seater
Joined: Mar 21, 2004
Posts: 3010
Status: Offline
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 03:13 AM |
|
|
i,m glad uyer keeping up drizzle ya old gogger ,the marra i hope to hear ye spraffing a few words
how,s it gaun |
|
|
|
|
|
commando
Board Royalty
Joined: July 07, 2004
Posts: 7117
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 02:12 PM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
GC
The Ginger Prince
Joined: Dec 01, 2003
Posts: 21544
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 03:47 PM |
|
|
he certainly can get going once he has the bit between his teeth |
_________________
You turned on the lights, Fuelled U boats by night, That's how you repay us, It's time to go home. |
|
  |
|
commando
Board Royalty
Joined: July 07, 2004
Posts: 7117
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 03:52 PM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
GC
The Ginger Prince
Joined: Dec 01, 2003
Posts: 21544
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 03:56 PM |
|
|
not really |
_________________
You turned on the lights, Fuelled U boats by night, That's how you repay us, It's time to go home. |
|
|
|
|
commando
Board Royalty
Joined: July 07, 2004
Posts: 7117
|
| Posted:
Mar 19, 2005 - 08:33 PM |
|
|
Well you being Scottish, you would say that. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Forum FAQ
Search
Preferences
Watched Topics
Log in to check your private messages
Log in
