Shelynaa we have traveled extensively within China often without planning our itinerary and hotels in advance and for the most part have not encountered problems however you need to be able to be flexible when it comes to the train
as an example we just returned from an adventure in Henan and while it is well connected railway-wise ALL tickets to Shanghai from their capital Zhengzhou were sold out 11 days in advance with the exception of a few standing seats on a couple of odd-hour trains- we tried substituting numerous cities on route and finally were able to secure tickets on a train to Nanjing that left at 4:37 in the morning 3 days after we originally wished to depart (from Nanjing we took the CRH fast train)
our Shandong trip before that had no trouble at all showing up at the train station and securing tickets for when and where we wished to go but keep in mind Qingdao is using its temporary SiFang station as its main one is under renovation for the Olympics through June 08
overall if you are on a tight schedule as soon as you arrive in a city try to secure your tickets outbound to avoid potentially being 'stuck' somewhere longer than you had hoped
also understand there are 5 classes of train tickets (not all trains offering all classes)- in order of least to most expensive:
1: no-seat (free-for-all standing)
2: hard seat w/assigned seat number
3: soft seat w/assigned seat number - as implied more roomy and comfortable
4: hard sleeper bed (6 berths to a compartment, 3 to a side, no door) - lower berth (xia) having most head room and most expensive; middle berth (zhong) having less head room, slightly less expensive than xia; and upper berth (shang) - cramped, stuffy and a hassle to get up/down - slightly more expensive than soft seat (3) but less than zhong- personally would avoid if possible!
5: soft sleeper bed (4 larger, cushier berths to a compartment, 2 to a side, with door) - xia/lower will be more expensive than shang/upper because of the coveted easy access to the floor/card table but both are okay comfort wise
the CRH fast trains only offer seats - their second class seats being better than economy airline seats
we have never had trouble with hotels - of course it helps to have a general idea of what to expect ahead of time something easily accomplished with pre-trip research
keep in mind hotels will require a deposit of upwards of 1000RMB at check-in to be returned on check-out - the amount required is usually determined by the value of the room reservation
how good is your Mandarin?
train info
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china-trains/
http://www.thatsqingdao.com/qingdao-new ... edule.html
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china-t ... t32=SUBMIT
as for budget hotels in the areas you mention the jinjiang inn chain is good
http://www.jj-inn.com/Default.aspx
ctrip is a good site - it's destination section is worth a browse
http://english.ctrip.com/
feel free to PM
cheers!